there are four basic waveforms: sine, square, triangle and sawtooth. (tried to include site but shit broke pm me if you want it, explains those waveforms in greater detail)
shortening and lengthening these waveforms leads to a change in pitch. there are probably ways you can combine waveforms as well.
(image from http://www.mesaboogie.com/US/Smith/ClassA-WebVersion.htm) if you hit a note on a guitar, it would look something similar to this. notice there is a sharp attack, followed by a gradual and slow decay. those are two very important principles that develop a characteristic sound. a cello, for instance, would not have a sharp attack, it would be a gradual climb followed by a gradual descent. manipulating this is part of programming presets in a synth.
there used to be a great 3 part set of youtube videos called "discovering electronic music" but it looks like they're gone now.
hope this helped.
wow!! that's cool and to think they were around in the 80s
They were much more basic back then. You couldn't come up with NEARLY as many sounds as it was still probably 8 or 16 bit at that point. Everything sounded like a gameboy.
I like to play with the synthisizers at best buy.